Paint mixture 86 , t. Pancreas Pancreaticoduodenal artery inferior Paraffin section of human kidney f. Paraformaldehyde powders Paraformaldehyde study in funeral homes Pasteurella Pelvic cavities Penicillins Performance procedures Perfumes Pericardium Peritoneum Personal health considerations Personal hygiene and safety Personal involvement dealing with the embalmer's Petrosal sinus, inferior Pharyngeal artery, ascending Pharyngeal vein Phenol 82 , 85 , Phenomenon, internal Phenothiazines , Phenoxetol Phenoxyethanol , , Phrenic veins, inferior Physical examination Physicians and anatomists Pituitary gland Plastic apron Plutarch 5.
Poisoning by nitrates Poisoning suspected or evident Poisonous chemicals Portal circulation Portal veins Jean-Nicolas Gannal of age 4U 18f. Powdered mixture of alum salt Powdered resin 9. Practical containment measures Pregnant workers Preludin Preservative Profunda femoris artery Properties Prophylactic antibodies, administration of Propylene glycol Prosector's wart Protective barrier attire Proteins Proteolytic Protozoan Pseudomonas aeruginosa Public and professional acceptance Pudendal artery internal Pulsating devices Purge Putrefaction Putrefactive changes Pyocyanea infections Pyramids Q Qebeh-Snewef 6f.
R Radial artery 67 , Radiation, type of t , Radioisotopes, used to treat malignancies t. Receptacle jar Receptacles 7. Rectum Red blood cells, hemolysis of Red tagging Renal veins Reserpine Respiration, cessation of Reticuloendothelial system Richard Harlan — Richardson's eye process Rigid plastic pipes Rigor mortis 54 , 55 , Ritalin Road side accidents Room ventilation , Rorismar Royal College of Surgeons 15 , Rubella vaccination Ryle's tube S Sacral artery.
Salvia Sanitation survey Santel Saponification Saprophytic bacteria Scalpel Scalpel and blades f. School of Embalming and Organic Chemistry Scissors f. Seconal Sedatives drugs , Selected microbicides, activity levels of 49t.
Semiopaque cream Septicemia Serum hepatitis Simmons School of Embalming in Syracuse Skin changes in Skin effects on Smooth muscles Soil, nature of 1.
Soluble wintergreen Somatic death, immediate Sonacide 43 , Specimens for anatomical studies, preparation of Spices grossly powdered Spinal cord, removal of Spleen Splenic vein Sporicidin Staphylococci 56 , Starves Sterilization Sternocleidomastoid muscle Stimulants drugs Stomach Streptococci 56 , Styracis calamita Sugar of lead Suicides Supplemental chemicals, use of Suprarenal vein, right Suprascapular artery Surgical instruments Syringes f.
Systemic mycoses T Tank immersion fluid Tank immersion fluid, composition of 86t. Tap water Temporal artery, superficial Tetrabromofluorescein Tetracyclines Thermometers Thomas Joseph Pettigrew Thomas Marshall Thoracic aorta descending Thoracic, treatment of Thorazine Threshold limit value Thymol Thyrocervical trunk Thyroid gland, removal of Tissue decomposition, order of Tissues, liquefaction of Tofranil Tolbutamide orinase Total volume of arterial Toxic gas Toxicity survey Toxicity to humans Toxoplasma Toxoplasmosis Tranquilizers drugs , Translations, differences in 5.
Transmission electron micrograph f. Tributaries Tuberculosis Tuberculosis incidence of Tumor, incidence Turnip watch U Ulnar artery 67 , Ultrathin section of human liver stained f. Ultraviolet light illuminator furnished Umbilical artery Undertaker's manual 28f , Universal blood Universal precautions Universal work precautions Urea Urethral catheters Uric acid Urinary bladder Uterine artery in female V Vaccination heptavax B Vacuum breakers Vagus nerve Valium Vascular system Vehicles Veins, superficial 65 , 67 , Vena cava, inferior 63 , 70 , 71 , 92 , Vena cava, superior Ventilation systems , , , t.
Vertebral artery Vesical artery inferior Viscera of body 79 , Viscera, preservation of Viscera, treatment of Visceral tributaries W Warmth enhances Washing solution Waste materials Weight loss Werowance Indian Wescodyne Wetting agents William Hunter William J Bunnell William Peter Hohenschuh Women embalmers Wooden anthropoid 8f.
Wooden coffin 7f. World War II, end of Z Zephiran chloride 49 , Zinc chloride 21 , 26 , TOC Index. The Origin and History of Embalming Chapter 1. A st atement in by the New York State Supreme Court is still relevant, concise, and conceptually complete. The decent burial of the dead is a matter in which the public have concern. It is against the Public Health if it does not take place at all and against a proper public sentiment should it not take place with decency.
Embalming—History, Theory, and Practice. Appleton and Longe, Connecticut; , with permission. The authors of this chapter trust that this brief exposition of the origin and history of embalming will impart to the reader a sense of the tradition and technical advances achieved over the nearly 5, years that the art and science of embalming have been practiced. There is a clear indication that both tradition and new technical advances will continue to be maintained in the future.
Embalming, one of humankind's longest practiced arts, is a means of artificially preserving the dead human body. Embalming has been in vogue since time immemorial without the deliberate intervention of humans. Freezing : By this method, bodies are preserved for centuries in the ice and snow of glaciers or snowcapped mountains.
Dry cold : A morgue located on the top of St Bernard Mountain in Switzerland was so constructed to permit free admission of the elements. True mummies were produced as a result of the passage of the cold, dry air current over the corpses. Dry heat : Natural mummies are produced in the extremely dry, warm areas of Egypt, Southwestern America, and Peru. Nature of the soil at the place of interment : There are recorded instances of the discovery of bodies in a good state of preservation after long-term burial in a peat bog, which had a high-tannin content, or in soils strongly impregnated with salts aluminum or copper.
Simple heat : Simple heat is the means employed to preserve bodies in the Capuchin Monastery near Palermo, on the island of Sicily. The Monastery is connected to a catacomb or underground burial vault composed of four separate chambers.
Treatment of the bodies consists of slow drying in an oven that is heated by a mixture of slacked lime. The desiccated bodies, quite shrunken, and light in weight are placed in upright positions along the walls of the catacombs. Powders : In powder methods, the body is placed on a bed of sawdust mixed with zinc sulfate or other preserving powder.
Evisceration and immersion : It was used by the Egyptians and others. Evisceration, local incision, and immersion : It was employed in Europe, particularly in France, during the period AD — Simple immersion : In this method, body is immersed in alcohol, brine, or other liquid preservatives.
Arterial injection and evisceration : It has been used by the Hunter brothers and others. Cavity injection and immersion : It is also known as method of Gabriel Clauderus. Arterial injection : It is mode of treatment of Gannal, Sucquet, and many others.
Arterial injection and cavity treatment : This method is in daily use by all present day embalmers; generally taught in schools and colleges of embalming today.
Artificial cold : Here by a system of refrigeration, the body temperature inhibits bacterial activity. It is in use in most hospitals and morgues today. Embalming originated in Egypt during the period of the first dynasty. It is estimated to have begun about BC and continued on until AD The motive of Egyptian embalming was religious. According to their belief, the preservation of the human body intact was a necessary requirement for resurrection. During this nearly year period of embalming practice, there obviously existed a number of variations of technique.
When the Arabs conquered Egypt, they, too, rejected the practice of embalming. The second period of embalming history extends from AD to AD and its principal geographical area of practice and growth was Europe. This era is termed as the period of the Anatomists, as the motive was to advance the development of embalming techniques—for the preservation of the dead to permit detailed anatomical dissection and study.
The third or modem period of embalming history extends from to the present day. It is during this period that embalming knowledge, which had been transferring from Europe to America during the previous period, finally reverted to its original use principally for funeral purposes. Embalming again became available to all who requested it. Today, and principally in the United States and Canada, bodies of the deceased receive embalming for various reasons, including:. The term embalming derives from the 14th-century word "embaumen," meaning "to apply balm or ointment.
Embalming can also be referred to as body preservation, temporary preservation, or thanatopraxy French term. Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Brenner E. Human body preservation - old and new techniques. J Anat. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellHealth. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. The electrical circuitry, as diagrammatically represented in FIG.
Thus, motor which drives pump 26 is energized on condition that interlock switch 94 is energized by relay coil Indicator light is energized when the motor is turned on. The interlock feature requires that there be fluid irnmersing electrodes 97 and in tank The AC source supplies the power required to energize the interlock control circuit and its included electronic components. Conductors 61 and 62 are connected to the primary of transformer The other end of the transformer secondary is connected to collector 77 of transistor 74 through a 4.
Collector 88 of transistor 86 is connected to line 80 and base 90 is connected to resistor 92 and to electrode Electrodes 97 and are located within tank 14 at a predetermined height above the bottom.
When the embalming fluid immerses the electrodes, a low electrical resistance path is available through the fluid for current ow between the electrodes. The interlock control circuit built into the device operates automatically. Specifically, this circuit operates as follows. Normally open switch 68 is closed thereby energizing the circuit. As the AC circuit is energized, diode 68 recties the AC signal converting it to two positive going half cycles, which signal is applied to emitter 72 and base 81 of transistor This transistor remains turned on as long as the embalming fluid 13 in tank 14 provides a conducting path between electrodes 97 and The completed circuit provides a current flow through line to relay coil 78 which is terminated at collector 77 of transistor Current through coil 78 causes contacts 93 and 99 of switch 94 to close.
When the fluid level falls below that required to immerse electrodes 97 and , a high 1mpedance results between collector 88 and base 90 of transistor No current path is provided for current at base 81 of transistor 74 and transistor 86 turns oli. Therefore, no current ows through line 80 to collector 77, transistor 74 becomes non-conducting and relay coil 7S is deenergized, causing contacts 93 and of switch 94 to close. This transistorized control circuit indicating a low liquid level condition prevents the pump motor from burning up when there is no uid in the tank.
The aspirate-embalm switch on the instrument face electrically controls the three-Way valves by an automatic circuit provided within the device. Parallel solenoids 19 and 98 are connected to terminal of double-pole, double-throw switch and to indicator light These solenoids respectively control three-way valves 16 and The method is as follows:.
The drainage fluid is taken up by the sorbent which is removed as a solid mass, one gram of the sorbent absorbs 12 times its weight. In conclusion, it is interesting to note that modern embalming techniques are the result of accumulation of many centuries of research, trial and error and invention. Ancient embalming methods varied according to different cultures and peoples. Discovery in the field of Medicare influenced the practice of embalming into renaissance period. Technological advancement is bringing new embalming techniques including sorbent technology.
In Nigeria, the traditional methods of embalming coexist with modern methods including long term embalming in various medical schools. Chike Anibeze, Ph. Keywords development, embalming, methods, trends. Abstract Embalming has been of immense importance as a means of preserving the dead in many cultures globally. Introduction Embalming is the art and science of temporarily preserving human remains.
History Of Embalming Egypt is principally associated with the beginnings of the art and techniques of embalming[ 13 19 ] It is recorded that probably before BC and AD approximately ,, bodies were mummified in Egypt[ 10 ] Much evidence demonstrated that embalming is religious in origin[ 9 14 19 ].
In , mummified bodies were discovered in the island of south west, in the Outer Hebides, Scotland and dated from BC[ 24 ] Embalming began to come back into practice in parallel with the anatomists of the renaissance who needed to be able to preserve their specimens[ 1 ].
He injected camphorated oil and wine into the chest and abdominal cavities[ 2 14 19 23 26 ] The first generally accepted embalming preparation was arsenic solution. Methods Of Embalming Ancient Embalming Ancient embalming methods varied according to the different cultures and peoples[ 14 ].
Step one: removal of the brain via the nasal cavity. The skull was refilled with wax and resins. Use of oil of cedar injected into the body and immersion in the sodium salt solution Purging of the intestine and covering the body with salt based solution nitre Wrapping the dead in cotton and burying in charcoal and sand beyond the reach of the Nile water naturally preserved mummies The Guanches, aborigines of Canary Island, and ancient Ethiopian tribes preserved their dead using methods much like those of the Egyptians, removing the viscera and filling the cavity with salt and vegetable powder.
The principles underlying the present day embalming usually involve the following [ 12 24 28 ]: the exposure of a large artery and a large vein inserting tubes into theses vessels Washing out any blood clots that are present within the large vessels. Running in embalming fluid, which both preserves fixes, colours and disinfects the tissues.
Tying the injection sites Injecting preservatives into the cavities and sucking out the body fluids[ 32 ]. Hypodermic embalming, the injection of embalming chemicals under the skin as needed. Surface embalming, this supplements the other methods especially for visible, injured parts. The method is as follows: The sorbent is placed into the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Upon completion of vascular injection, the drainage was allowed to free flow into the cavities. Accessory chemicals add a degree of disinfection and preservation. Conclusion In conclusion, it is interesting to note that modern embalming techniques are the result of accumulation of many centuries of research, trial and error and invention. References 1. Mayor R. G ; Embalming: history, theory and practice. ISBN — 2. Frederick L. G; Strub C. G The Principles and Practice of Embalming.
Kenneth Iserson, M. D Death to Dust: What happens to Dead Bodies. Jessica Mitford The American way of Death Revisited. Lisa Carlson Caring for the Dead — your Final Act of Love, Daryl Roberts Profits of Death.
Davidson H. R Efie Bendann An Analytical study of Burial Rites. Goddy J. The Free Encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation. Ezugworie, O. J Curtis D. The Basics of Funeral Services. History of Embalming, New York.
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