An average of 2. The obtained samples were preserved in absolute ethanol. Prior to DNA extraction, we performed morphological identification on the basis of genitalia structure with the published literatures e. The barcoding gap was investigated by calculating the average of maximum intraspecific distance of individuals in each species, and the average of minimum interspecific genetic distance between congeners to make it minimal and strict. To investigate general intraspecific and interspecific distance in each taxonomic level, each value was calculated using all individuals of each species for intraspecific distance, and calculated using all species in same genus, respectively.
With the exception of Apolygus lucorum , A. The intraspecific sequences from individuals of 57 species were either identical or very similar. The average minimum interspecific genetic distance between congeners Of the 11 investigated Apolygus species, three greenish species— A. For these three species, the average interspecific genetic distance 1.
In addition, the average intraspecific genetic distance for these three species was markedly higher 1. With the exception of some splitting of genera and subfamilies, the tree constructed using the COI sequences was in good agreement with the taxonomic classification based on morphological characters, from species level to subfamily level Fig. The interspecific genetic distance of each subfamily was shown in Table 1. The average intraspecific genetic distance was 0.
Additionally, the average interspecific distance for species within the same subfamily was In the present study, we investigated the barcoding gap and evaluated the effectiveness of COI barcoding for Miridae, by determining the level of intraspecific variation. Thus, we verified the usefulness of DNA barcoding for the plants bugs investigated in the present study. We calculated intraspecific variations using the limited samples collected from the same region only collected in Korea; Table S1.
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It was possible to devise a way of measuring the level in the oil reservoir to measure the passing of time. Marked candles were used for telling the time in China from the sixth century CE. There is a popular story that King Alfred the Great invented the candle clock, but we know they were in use in England from the tenth century CE.
However, the rate of burning is subject to draughts, and the variable quality of the wax. Like oil lamps, candles were used to mark the passage of time from one event to another, rather than tell the time of day.
The water clock, or clepsydra, appears to have been invented about 1, BCE and was a device which relied on the steady flow of water from or into a container. Measurements could be marked on the container or on a receptacle for the water. In comparison with the candle or the oil lamp, the clepsydra was more reliable, but the water flow still depended on the variation of pressure from the head of water in the container.
Astronomical and astrological clock making was developed in China from to CE. Early Chinese clepsydras drove various mechanisms illustrating astronomical phenomena. The astronomer Su Sung and his associates built an elaborate clepsydra in CE.
This device incorporated a water-driven bucket system originally invented about CE. Among the displays were a bronze power-driven rotating celestial globe, and manikins that rang gongs, and indicated special times of the day.
An Egyptian sundial from about 1, BCE is the earliest evidence of the division of the day into equal parts, but the sundial was no use at night. The passage of time was extremely important for astronomers and priests who were responsible for determining the exact hour for the daily rituals and for the important religious festivals, so a water clock was invented.
The Egyptians improved upon the sundial with a 'merkhet', one of the oldest known astronomical instruments. It was developed around BCE and uses a string with a weight as a plumb line to obtain a true vertical line, as in the picture. The other object is the rib of a palm leaf, stripped of its fronds and split at one end, making a thin slit for a sight. A pair of merkhets were used to establish a North-South direction by lining them up one behind the other with the Pole Star.
Viewing the plumb lines through the sight made sure the two merkhets and the sight were in the same straight line with the Pole Star. This allowed for the measurement of night-time events with a water clock when certain stars crossed the vertical plumb line a 'transit line' , and these events could then be recorded by 'night-time lines' drawn on a sundial.
Christiaan Huygens made the first pendulum clock, regulated by a mechanism with a "natural" period of oscillation in Galileo studied pendulum motion as early as , but his design for a clock was not built before his death. Huygens' pendulum clock had an error of less than 1 minute a day, and his later refinements reduced his clock's errors to less than 10 seconds a day.
There was no device for keeping accurate time at sea until John Harrison, a carpenter and instrument maker, refined techniques for temperature compensation and found new ways of reducing friction. By , he had built a marine chronometer with a spring and balance wheel escapement that kept very accurate time. With the final version of his chronometer, which looked like a large pocket watch, he achieved a means of determining longitude to within one-half a degree.
It was not until that a conference at Greenwich reached agreement on global time measurement and adopted Greenwich Mean Time as the international standard. Today we rely on atomic clocks for our most accurate time measurements. When you think about the problem - we can find due South easily from the sun at midday. Looking at the night sky, we eventually deduce that there is a fixed point in the heavens around which all the stars rotate once every day 24 hours. Significant Digits. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search.
Press ESC to cancel. Skip to content Home Physics Are place holding zeros significant? Ben Davis November 22,
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